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Referencia de la Clase QProcess

The QProcess class is used to start external programs and to communicate with them. Más...

#include <qprocess.h>

Diagrama de herencias de QProcess
QObject QObject Qt Qt Qt Qt BlockingProcess FLProcessInterface QSBlockingProcess

Lista de todos los miembros.

Tipos públicos

enum  Communication {
  Stdin = 0x01, Stdout = 0x02, Stderr = 0x04, DupStderr = 0x08,
  Stdin = 0x01, Stdout = 0x02, Stderr = 0x04, DupStderr = 0x08
}
enum  Communication {
  Stdin = 0x01, Stdout = 0x02, Stderr = 0x04, DupStderr = 0x08,
  Stdin = 0x01, Stdout = 0x02, Stderr = 0x04, DupStderr = 0x08
}
typedef Q_LONG PID
typedef Q_LONG PID

Slots públicos

void tryTerminate () const
void kill () const
virtual void writeToStdin (const QByteArray &buf)
virtual void writeToStdin (const QString &buf)
virtual void closeStdin ()
void tryTerminate () const
void kill () const
virtual void writeToStdin (const QByteArray &buf)
virtual void writeToStdin (const QString &buf)
virtual void closeStdin ()

Señales

void readyReadStdout ()
void readyReadStderr ()
void processExited ()
void wroteToStdin ()
void launchFinished ()
void readyReadStdout ()
void readyReadStderr ()
void processExited ()
void wroteToStdin ()
void launchFinished ()

Métodos públicos

 QProcess (QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 QProcess (const QString &arg0, QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 QProcess (const QStringList &args, QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 ~QProcess ()
QStringList arguments () const
void clearArguments ()
virtual void setArguments (const QStringList &args)
virtual void addArgument (const QString &arg)
QDir workingDirectory () const
virtual void setWorkingDirectory (const QDir &dir)
void setCommunication (int c)
int communication () const
virtual bool start (QStringList *env=0)
virtual bool launch (const QString &buf, QStringList *env=0)
virtual bool launch (const QByteArray &buf, QStringList *env=0)
bool isRunning () const
bool normalExit () const
int exitStatus () const
virtual QByteArray readStdout ()
virtual QByteArray readStderr ()
bool canReadLineStdout () const
bool canReadLineStderr () const
virtual QString readLineStdout ()
virtual QString readLineStderr ()
PID processIdentifier ()
void flushStdin ()
 QProcess (QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 QProcess (const QString &arg0, QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 QProcess (const QStringList &args, QObject *parent=0, const char *name=0)
 ~QProcess ()
QStringList arguments () const
void clearArguments ()
virtual void setArguments (const QStringList &args)
virtual void addArgument (const QString &arg)
QDir workingDirectory () const
virtual void setWorkingDirectory (const QDir &dir)
void setCommunication (int c)
int communication () const
virtual bool start (QStringList *env=0)
virtual bool launch (const QString &buf, QStringList *env=0)
virtual bool launch (const QByteArray &buf, QStringList *env=0)
bool isRunning () const
bool normalExit () const
int exitStatus () const
virtual QByteArray readStdout ()
virtual QByteArray readStderr ()
bool canReadLineStdout () const
bool canReadLineStderr () const
virtual QString readLineStdout ()
virtual QString readLineStderr ()
PID processIdentifier ()
void flushStdin ()

Métodos protegidos

void connectNotify (const char *signal)
void disconnectNotify (const char *signal)
void connectNotify (const char *signal)
void disconnectNotify (const char *signal)

Amigas

class QProcessPrivate

Descripción detallada

The QProcess class is used to start external programs and to communicate with them.

You can write to the started program's standard input, and can read the program's standard output and standard error. You can pass command line arguments to the program either in the constructor or with setArguments() or addArgument(). The program's working directory can be set with setWorkingDirectory(). If you need to set up environment variables pass them to the start() or launch() functions (see below). The processExited() signal is emitted if the program exits. The program's exit status is available from exitStatus(), although you could simply call normalExit() to see if the program terminated normally.

There are two different ways to start a process. If you just want to run a program, optionally passing data to its standard input at the beginning, use one of the launch() functions. If you want full control of the program's standard input (especially if you don't know all the data you want to send to standard input at the beginning), use the start() function.

If you use start() you can write to the program's standard input using writeToStdin() and you can close the standard input with closeStdin(). The wroteToStdin() signal is emitted if the data sent to standard input has been written. You can read from the program's standard output using readStdout() or readLineStdout(). These functions return an empty QByteArray if there is no data to read. The readyReadStdout() signal is emitted when there is data available to be read from standard output. Standard error has a set of functions that correspond to the standard output functions, i.e. readStderr(), readLineStderr() and readyReadStderr().

If you use one of the launch() functions the data you pass will be sent to the program's standard input which will be closed once all the data has been written. You should not use writeToStdin() or closeStdin() if you use launch(). If you need to send data to the program's standard input after it has started running use start() instead of launch().

Both start() and launch() can accept a string list of strings each of which has the format, key=value, where the keys are the names of environment variables.

You can test to see if a program is running with isRunning(). The program's process identifier is available from processIdentifier(). If you want to terminate a running program use tryTerminate(), but note that the program may ignore this. If you really want to terminate the program, without it having any chance to clean up, you can use kill().

As an example, suppose we want to start the uic command (a Qt command line tool used with {Qt Designer}) and perform some operations on the output (the uic outputs the code it generates to standard output by default). Suppose further that we want to run the program on the file "small_dialog.ui" with the command line options "-tr i18n". On the command line we would write:

    uic -tr i18n small_dialog.ui

process/process.cpp

A code snippet for this with the QProcess class might look like this:

UicManager::UicManager() UicManager::UicManager() { proc = new QProcess( this ); proc = new QProcess( this ); proc->addArgument( "uic" ); this, SLOT(readFromStdout()) ); if ( !proc->start() ) { // error handling } } }

void UicManager::readFromStdout() // Bear in mind that the data might be output in chunks. } }

Although you may need quotes for a file named on the command line (e.g. if it contains spaces) you shouldn't use extra quotes for arguments passed to addArgument() or setArguments().

The readyReadStdout() signal is emitted when there is new data on standard output. This happens asynchronously: you don't know if more data will arrive later.

In the above example you could connect the processExited() signal to the slot UicManager::readFromStdout() instead. If you do so, you will be certain that all the data is available when the slot is called. On the other hand, you must wait until the process has finished before doing any processing.

Note that if you are expecting a lot of output from the process, you may hit platform-dependent limits to the pipe buffer size. The solution is to make sure you connect to the output, e.g. the readyReadStdout() and readyReadStderr() signals and read the data as soon as it becomes available.

Please note that QProcess does not emulate a shell. This means that QProcess does not do any expansion of arguments: a '*' is passed as a '*' to the program and is not replaced by all the files, a '$HOME' is also passed literally and is not replaced by the environment variable HOME and the special characters for IO redirection ('>', '|', etc.) are also passed literally and do not have the special meaning as they have in a shell.

Also note that QProcess does not emulate a terminal. This means that certain programs which need direct terminal control, do not work as expected with QProcess. Such programs include console email programs (like pine and mutt) but also programs which require the user to enter a password (like su and ssh).


Documentación de los 'Typedef' miembros de la clase

typedef Q_LONG QProcess::PID
typedef Q_LONG QProcess::PID

Documentación de las enumeraciones miembro de la clase

This enum type defines the communication channels connected to the process.

Stdin Data can be written to the process's standard input.

Stdout Data can be read from the process's standard output.

Stderr Data can be read from the process's standard error.

DupStderr Both the process's standard error output and its standard output are written to its standard output. (Like Unix's dup2().) This means that nothing is sent to the standard error output. This is especially useful if your application requires that the output on standard output and on standard error must be read in the same order that they are produced. This is a flag, so to activate it you must pass {Stdout|Stderr|DupStderr}, or {Stdin|Stdout|Stderr|DupStderr} if you want to provide input, to the setCommunication() call.

Ver también:
setCommunication() communication()
Valores de enumeraciones:
Stdin 
Stdout 
Stderr 
DupStderr 
Stdin 
Stdout 
Stderr 
DupStderr 
Valores de enumeraciones:
Stdin 
Stdout 
Stderr 
DupStderr 
Stdin 
Stdout 
Stderr 
DupStderr 

Documentación del constructor y destructor

QProcess::QProcess ( QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)

Constructs a QProcess object. The parent and name parameters are passed to the QObject constructor.

Ver también:
setArguments() addArgument() start()
QProcess::QProcess ( const QString arg0,
QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)

Constructs a QProcess with arg0 as the command to be executed. The parent and name parameters are passed to the QObject constructor.

The process is not started. You must call start() or launch() to start the process.

Ver también:
setArguments() addArgument() start()
QProcess::QProcess ( const QStringList args,
QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)

Constructs a QProcess with args as the arguments of the process. The first element in the list is the command to be executed. The other elements in the list are the arguments to this command. The parent and name parameters are passed to the QObject constructor.

The process is not started. You must call start() or launch() to start the process.

Ver también:
setArguments() addArgument() start()
QProcess::~QProcess ( )

Destroys the instance.

If the process is running, it is not terminated! The standard input, standard output and standard error of the process are closed.

You can connect the destroyed() signal to the kill() slot, if you want the process to be terminated automatically when the instance is destroyed.

Ver también:
tryTerminate() kill()
QProcess::QProcess ( QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)
QProcess::QProcess ( const QString arg0,
QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)
QProcess::QProcess ( const QStringList args,
QObject parent = 0,
const char *  name = 0 
)
QProcess::~QProcess ( )

Documentación de las funciones miembro

void QProcess::addArgument ( const QString arg) [virtual]

Adds arg to the end of the list of arguments.

The first element in the list of arguments is the command to be executed; the following elements are the command's arguments.

Ver también:
arguments() setArguments()

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

virtual void QProcess::addArgument ( const QString arg) [virtual]

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

QStringList QProcess::arguments ( ) const

Returns the list of arguments that are set for the process. Arguments can be specified with the constructor or with the functions setArguments() and addArgument().

Note that if you want to iterate over the list, you should iterate over a copy, e.g.

    QStringList list = myProcess.arguments();
    QStringList::Iterator it = list.begin();
    while( it != list.end() ) {
        myProcessing( *it );
        ++it;
    }
Ver también:
setArguments() addArgument()
QStringList QProcess::arguments ( ) const
bool QProcess::canReadLineStderr ( ) const

Returns TRUE if it's possible to read an entire line of text from standard error at this time; otherwise returns FALSE.

Ver también:
readLineStderr() canReadLineStdout()
bool QProcess::canReadLineStderr ( ) const
bool QProcess::canReadLineStdout ( ) const

Returns TRUE if it's possible to read an entire line of text from standard output at this time; otherwise returns FALSE.

Ver también:
readLineStdout() canReadLineStderr()
bool QProcess::canReadLineStdout ( ) const
void QProcess::clearArguments ( )

Clears the list of arguments that are set for the process.

Ver también:
setArguments() addArgument()
void QProcess::clearArguments ( )
void QProcess::closeStdin ( ) [virtual, slot]

Closes the process's standard input.

This function also deletes any pending data that has not been written to standard input.

Ver también:
wroteToStdin()
virtual void QProcess::closeStdin ( ) [virtual, slot]
int QProcess::communication ( ) const

Returns the communication required with the process, i.e. some combination of the Communication flags.

Ver también:
setCommunication()
int QProcess::communication ( ) const
void QProcess::connectNotify ( const char *  signal) [protected, virtual]

This virtual function is called when something has been connected to signal in this object.

Atención:
This function violates the object-oriented principle of modularity. However, it might be useful when you need to perform expensive initialization only if something is connected to a signal.
Ver también:
connect(), disconnectNotify()

Reimplementado de QObject.

void QProcess::connectNotify ( const char *  signal) [protected, virtual]

Reimplementado de QObject.

void QProcess::disconnectNotify ( const char *  signal) [protected, virtual]

Reimplementado de QObject.

void QProcess::disconnectNotify ( const char *  signal) [protected, virtual]

This virtual function is called when something has been disconnected from signal in this object.

Atención:
This function violates the object-oriented principle of modularity. However, it might be useful for optimizing access to expensive resources.
Ver también:
disconnect(), connectNotify()

Reimplementado de QObject.

int QProcess::exitStatus ( ) const
int QProcess::exitStatus ( ) const

Returns the exit status of the process or 0 if the process is still running. This function returns immediately and does not wait until the process is finished.

If normalExit() is FALSE (e.g. if the program was killed or crashed), this function returns 0, so you should check the return value of normalExit() before relying on this value.

Ver también:
normalExit() processExited()
void QProcess::flushStdin ( )
void QProcess::flushStdin ( )
bool QProcess::isRunning ( ) const
bool QProcess::isRunning ( ) const

Returns TRUE if the process is running; otherwise returns FALSE.

Ver también:
normalExit() exitStatus() processExited()
void QProcess::kill ( ) const [slot]

Terminates the process. This is not a safe way to end a process since the process will not be able to do any cleanup. tryTerminate() is safer, but processes can ignore a tryTerminate().

The nice way to end a process and to be sure that it is finished, is to do something like this:

        process->tryTerminate();
        QTimer::singleShot( 5000, process, SLOT( kill() ) );

This tries to terminate the process the nice way. If the process is still running after 5 seconds, it terminates the process the hard way. The timeout should be chosen depending on the time the process needs to do all its cleanup: use a higher value if the process is likely to do a lot of computation or I/O on cleanup.

The slot returns immediately: it does not wait until the process has finished. When the process terminates, the processExited() signal is emitted.

Ver también:
tryTerminate() processExited()
void QProcess::kill ( ) const [slot]
bool QProcess::launch ( const QByteArray buf,
QStringList env = 0 
) [virtual]

Runs the process and writes the data buf to the process's standard input. If all the data is written to standard input, standard input is closed. The command is searched for in the path for executable programs; you can also use an absolute path in the command itself.

If env is null, then the process is started with the same environment as the starting process. If env is non-null, then the values in the string list are interpreted as environment setttings of the form {key=value} and the process is started with these environment settings. For convenience, there is a small exception to this rule under Unix: if env does not contain any settings for the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH, then this variable is inherited from the starting process.

Returns TRUE if the process could be started; otherwise returns FALSE.

Note that you should not use the slots writeToStdin() and closeStdin() on processes started with launch(), since the result is not well-defined. If you need these slots, use start() instead.

The process may or may not read the buf data sent to its standard input.

You can call this function even when a process that was started with this instance is still running. Be aware that if you do this the standard input of the process that was launched first will be closed, with any pending data being deleted, and the process will be left to run out of your control. Similarly, if the process could not be started the standard input will be closed and the pending data deleted. (On operating systems that have zombie processes, Qt will also wait() on the old process.)

The object emits the signal launchFinished() when this function call is finished. If the start was successful, this signal is emitted after all the data has been written to standard input. If the start failed, then this signal is emitted immediately.

Ver también:
start() launchFinished();
virtual bool QProcess::launch ( const QString buf,
QStringList env = 0 
) [virtual]
virtual bool QProcess::launch ( const QByteArray buf,
QStringList env = 0 
) [virtual]
bool QProcess::launch ( const QString buf,
QStringList env = 0 
) [virtual]

Esta es una función miembro sobrecargada que se suministra por conveniencia. Difiere de la anterior función solamente en los argumentos que acepta. The data buf is written to standard input with writeToStdin() using the QString::local8Bit() representation of the strings.

void QProcess::launchFinished ( ) [signal]

This signal is emitted when the process was started with launch(). If the start was successful, this signal is emitted after all the data has been written to standard input. If the start failed, then this signal is emitted immediately.

This signal is especially useful if you want to know when you can safely delete the QProcess object when you are not interested in reading from standard output or standard error.

Ver también:
launch() QObject::deleteLater()
void QProcess::launchFinished ( ) [signal]
bool QProcess::normalExit ( ) const
bool QProcess::normalExit ( ) const

Returns TRUE if the process has exited normally; otherwise returns FALSE. This implies that this function returns FALSE if the process is still running.

Ver también:
isRunning() exitStatus() processExited()
void QProcess::processExited ( ) [signal]

This signal is emitted when the process has exited.

Ver también:
isRunning() normalExit() exitStatus() start() launch()
void QProcess::processExited ( ) [signal]
QProcess::PID QProcess::processIdentifier ( )

Returns platform dependent information about the process. This can be used together with platform specific system calls.

Under Unix the return value is the PID of the process, or -1 if no process belongs to this object.

Under Windows it is a pointer to the PROCESS_INFORMATION struct, or 0 if no process is belongs to this object.

Use of this function's return value is likely to be non-portable.

PID QProcess::processIdentifier ( )
virtual QString QProcess::readLineStderr ( ) [virtual]
QString QProcess::readLineStderr ( ) [virtual]

Reads a line of text from standard error, excluding any trailing newline or carriage return characters and returns it. Returns QString::null if canReadLineStderr() returns FALSE.

By default, the text is interpreted to be in Latin-1 encoding. If you need other codecs, you can set a different codec with QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings().

Ver también:
canReadLineStderr() readyReadStderr() readStderr() readLineStdout()
QString QProcess::readLineStdout ( ) [virtual]

Reads a line of text from standard output, excluding any trailing newline or carriage return characters, and returns it. Returns QString::null if canReadLineStdout() returns FALSE.

By default, the text is interpreted to be in Latin-1 encoding. If you need other codecs, you can set a different codec with QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings().

Ver también:
canReadLineStdout() readyReadStdout() readStdout() readLineStderr()
virtual QString QProcess::readLineStdout ( ) [virtual]
QByteArray QProcess::readStderr ( ) [virtual]

Reads the data that the process has written to standard error. When new data is written to standard error, the class emits the signal readyReadStderr().

If there is no data to read, this function returns a QByteArray of size 0: it does not wait until there is something to read.

Ver también:
readyReadStderr() readLineStderr() readStdout() writeToStdin()
virtual QByteArray QProcess::readStderr ( ) [virtual]
virtual QByteArray QProcess::readStdout ( ) [virtual]

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

QByteArray QProcess::readStdout ( ) [virtual]

Reads the data that the process has written to standard output. When new data is written to standard output, the class emits the signal readyReadStdout().

If there is no data to read, this function returns a QByteArray of size 0: it does not wait until there is something to read.

Ver también:
readyReadStdout() readLineStdout() readStderr() writeToStdin()

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

void QProcess::readyReadStderr ( ) [signal]
void QProcess::readyReadStderr ( ) [signal]

This signal is emitted when the process has written data to standard error. You can read the data with readStderr().

Note that this signal is only emitted when there is new data and not when there is old, but unread data. In the slot connected to this signal, you should always read everything that is available at that moment to make sure that you don't lose any data.

Ver también:
readStderr() readLineStderr() readyReadStdout()
void QProcess::readyReadStdout ( ) [signal]
void QProcess::readyReadStdout ( ) [signal]

This signal is emitted when the process has written data to standard output. You can read the data with readStdout().

Note that this signal is only emitted when there is new data and not when there is old, but unread data. In the slot connected to this signal, you should always read everything that is available at that moment to make sure that you don't lose any data.

Ver también:
readStdout() readLineStdout() readyReadStderr()
virtual void QProcess::setArguments ( const QStringList args) [virtual]

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

void QProcess::setArguments ( const QStringList args) [virtual]

Sets args as the arguments for the process. The first element in the list is the command to be executed. The other elements in the list are the arguments to the command. Any previous arguments are deleted.

QProcess does not perform argument substitutions; for example, if you specify "*" or "$DISPLAY", these values are passed to the process literally. If you want to have the same behavior as the shell provides, you must do the substitutions yourself; i.e. instead of specifying a "*" you must specify the list of all the filenames in the current directory, and instead of "$DISPLAY" you must specify the value of the environment variable DISPLAY.

Note for Windows users. The standard Windows shells, e.g. command.com and cmd.exe, do not perform file globbing, i.e. they do not convert a "*" on the command line into a list of files in the current directory. For this reason most Windows applications implement their own file globbing, and as a result of this, specifying an argument of "*" for a Windows application is likely to result in the application performing a file glob and ending up with a list of filenames.

Ver también:
arguments() addArgument()

Reimplementado en FLProcessInterface.

void QProcess::setCommunication ( int  c)
void QProcess::setCommunication ( int  commFlags)

Sets commFlags as the communication required with the process.

commFlags is a bitwise OR of the flags defined by the Communication enum.

The default is {Stdin|Stdout|Stderr}.

Ver también:
communication()
void QProcess::setWorkingDirectory ( const QDir dir) [virtual]

Sets dir as the working directory for processes. This does not affect running processes; only processes that are started afterwards are affected.

Setting the working directory is especially useful for processes that try to access files with relative paths.

Ver también:
workingDirectory() start()
virtual void QProcess::setWorkingDirectory ( const QDir dir) [virtual]
virtual bool QProcess::start ( QStringList env = 0) [virtual]
bool QProcess::start ( QStringList env = 0) [virtual]

Tries to run a process for the command and arguments that were specified with setArguments(), addArgument() or that were specified in the constructor. The command is searched for in the path for executable programs; you can also use an absolute path in the command itself.

If env is null, then the process is started with the same environment as the starting process. If env is non-null, then the values in the stringlist are interpreted as environment setttings of the form {key=value} and the process is started in these environment settings. For convenience, there is a small exception to this rule: under Unix, if env does not contain any settings for the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH, then this variable is inherited from the starting process; under Windows the same applies for the environment variable PATH.

Returns TRUE if the process could be started; otherwise returns FALSE.

You can write data to the process's standard input with writeToStdin(). You can close standard input with closeStdin() and you can terminate the process with tryTerminate(), or with kill().

You can call this function even if you've used this instance to create a another process which is still running. In such cases, QProcess closes the old process's standard input and deletes pending data, i.e., you lose all control over the old process, but the old process is not terminated. This applies also if the process could not be started. (On operating systems that have zombie processes, Qt will also wait() on the old process.)

Ver también:
launch() closeStdin()
void QProcess::tryTerminate ( ) const [slot]
void QProcess::tryTerminate ( ) const [slot]

Asks the process to terminate. Processes can ignore this if they wish. If you want to be certain that the process really terminates, you can use kill() instead.

The slot returns immediately: it does not wait until the process has finished. When the process terminates, the processExited() signal is emitted.

Ver también:
kill() processExited()
QDir QProcess::workingDirectory ( ) const

Returns the working directory that was set with setWorkingDirectory(), or the current directory if none has been explicitly set.

Ver también:
setWorkingDirectory() QDir::current()
QDir QProcess::workingDirectory ( ) const
virtual void QProcess::writeToStdin ( const QByteArray buf) [virtual, slot]
virtual void QProcess::writeToStdin ( const QString buf) [virtual, slot]
void QProcess::writeToStdin ( const QByteArray buf) [virtual, slot]

Writes the data buf to the process's standard input. The process may or may not read this data.

This function always returns immediately. The data you pass to writeToStdin() is copied into an internal memory buffer in QProcess, and when control goes back to the event loop, QProcess will starting transferring data from this buffer to the running process. Sometimes the data will be transferred in several payloads, depending on how much data is read at a time by the process itself. When QProcess has transferred all the data from its memory buffer to the running process, it emits wroteToStdin().

Note that some operating systems use a buffer to transfer the data. As a result, wroteToStdin() may be emitted before the running process has actually read all the data.

Ver también:
wroteToStdin() closeStdin() readStdout() readStderr()
void QProcess::writeToStdin ( const QString buf) [virtual, slot]

Esta es una función miembro sobrecargada que se suministra por conveniencia. Difiere de la anterior función solamente en los argumentos que acepta. The string buf is handled as text using the QString::local8Bit() representation.

void QProcess::wroteToStdin ( ) [signal]
void QProcess::wroteToStdin ( ) [signal]

This signal is emitted if the data sent to standard input (via writeToStdin()) was actually written to the process. This does not imply that the process really read the data, since this class only detects when it was able to write the data to the operating system. But it is now safe to close standard input without losing pending data.

Ver también:
writeToStdin() closeStdin()

Documentación de las funciones relacionadas y clases amigas

QProcessPrivate [friend]

La documentación para esta clase fue generada a partir de los siguientes ficheros:
 Todo Clases Namespaces Archivos Funciones Variables 'typedefs' Enumeraciones Valores de enumeraciones Propiedades Amigas 'defines'